Medical Conditions and Diagnostic Techniques

Enteroclysis

Enteroclysis is a diagnostic procedure involving the radiographic examination of the small intestine. It is performed by introducing a contrast medium into the duodenum. This method is particularly useful for diagnosing diseases of the bile ducts and pancreas. The procedure combines endoscopy and radiography and can be performed on an outpatient basis. Specific rectal contrast agents are used for this examination.

Chronic Lung Inflammation

Chronic lung inflammation is characterized by exudation, proliferation, fibrous scarring, and epithelialization. These processes indicate the body's response to persistent irritation or infection in the lung tissues.

Asthma and Bronchial Obstruction

In asthma, there is a chronic inflammation and obstruction of the bronchi. This condition is marked by increased levels of immunoglobulin E in the blood, excessive mucus production, and bronchial muscle spasms.

Acute Forms of Ischemic Heart Disease

Acute forms of ischemic heart disease include sudden death, acute coronary syndrome, and unstable angina pectoris. These conditions require immediate medical attention due to their life-threatening nature.

Consequences of Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tissue hypoxia and pulmonary hypertension can lead to right heart overload. This condition results from the increased resistance in the pulmonary circulation.

Liver Biopsy Techniques

Liver tissue can be aspirated using a needle with a mandrel to puncture the intercostal space. This procedure is performed under local anesthesia with 1% Meso-caine. It can be either a targeted or non-targeted liver biopsy.

Essential Hypertension

Essential hypertension is classified as primary or secondary. The primary form has no known cause but is associated with known risk factors that contribute to its development. Secondary hypertension can be due to conditions like adrenal tumors (pheochromocytoma).

Hypertensive Crisis Management

In a hypertensive crisis, the nurse must place the patient in a Fowler's position, administer nitroglycerin sublingually, and ensure fluid replacement. The patient may also be positioned in the Trendelenburg position to improve cerebral perfusion.

Portal Hypertension and Liver Changes

In portal hypertension, vascular remodeling of the liver leads to the formation of collateral circulation, liver inflammation, and hardening. This condition is often associated with cirrhosis.

Caput Medusae in Liver Cirrhosis

Caput medusae is a sign of liver cirrhosis characterized by visible distended veins on the abdomen due to collateral circulation. It indicates advanced liver disease.

Severe Respiratory Distress

Severe respiratory distress or respiratory coma, lasting several hours or days, is marked by central cyanosis, pronounced conjunctival injection, exophthalmos, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia. These symptoms are indicative of severe respiratory failure.