Types of Arguments and Reasoning

When defending a thesis, various types of arguments can be employed to support the main idea. Understanding these types can enhance the effectiveness of your argumentation.

1. Authority Argument

This type of argument involves citing contributions, theorems, or opinions from individuals of recognized prestige in fields such as science, art, or philosophy. By referencing experts, the argument gains credibility and weight.

2. Analogy Argument

Analogy arguments compare two facts or situations. By using an example, one can argue in favor of the thesis by showing similarities between the two cases. This helps in making the argument relatable and understandable.

3. Historical and Scientific Arguments

These arguments rely on the use of objective data provided by science. By presenting factual and historical evidence, the argument is strengthened, making it more convincing and reliable.

4. Popular Wisdom

Proverbs and sayings that express a truth commonly accepted by society fall under this category. These arguments resonate with the audience as they are based on shared cultural knowledge and experiences.

5. Logical Rational Arguments

Reasoning by Analogy

This involves establishing a similarity between two different concepts, beings, or things. It deduces that what is valid for one is also valid for the other. For example, "The vessels found in this sector are similar in shape and materials to those found in another area, therefore, they belong to the same culture."

Reasoning by Generalization

From several similar cases, a common thesis is generalized, which is then applied to a new case of the same type. For example, "All people who work night shifts have a vitamin D deficiency. Amelia works at night, so she should take a vitamin supplement."

Reasoning by Signs

This involves using indications or signs to establish the existence of a phenomenon. For example, "This individual shows discomfort, chills, slight fever, back and muscle pain, sore throat, and cough, therefore, they have acute bronchitis."

Reasoning by Cause

A causal connection is established between two facts that support the thesis. For example, "Juanito's mother smoked during her pregnancy, which is why Juanito is a weak child with low weight."

Reasoning by Authority

This involves referring to the opinion of experts on the subject or established figures to support the thesis. For example, "As the Minister has pointed out..."

By understanding and applying these different types of arguments and reasoning, one can construct a more compelling and persuasive thesis. Each type serves a unique purpose and can be used strategically depending on the context and audience.